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Comparison With
Exposure Notifications System
In The United States

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Governments and health authorities are working together to find solutions to the COVID‑19 pandemic, to protect people and get society back up and running.
 
Software developers are contributing by crafting technical tools to help combat the virus and save lives.
In this spirit of collaboration, Google and Apple are announcing a joint effort to enable the use of Bluetooth technology to help governments and health agencies reduce the spread of the virus, with user privacy and security central to the design.
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 How Exposure Notifications Can Help

 How Exposure Notifications Work

Download App

On Android, you can find the app for your area, if available, on Google Play.

If you have an iPhone, opt-in to Exposure Notifications in your device settings.

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Generate Random ID

Once you opt-in to the notification system, the Exposure Notifications System will generate a random ID for your device.

To help ensure these random keys can’t be used to identify you or your location, they change every 10-20 minutes.

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Exchange Keys through Bluetooth

Your phone and the phones around you will work in the background to exchange these privacy-preserving random keys via Bluetooth. You do not need to have the app open for this process to take place.

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Check Keys Periodically

Your phone periodically checks all the random keys associated with positive COVID-19 cases against its own list

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Exposure Notification

If there’s a match, you will receive a COVID-19 exposure notification, with further instructions from your public health authority on how to keep you and the people around you safe.

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 Exposure Notifications and Privacy

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The Exposure Notifications can be turned off at any time.

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The Exposure Notifications System does not collect or use the location.

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The system does not share your identity with other users, Apple, or Google.

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Only public health authorities will be able to use this system.

Exposure Notifications and Cybersecurity

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is building and demonstrating a secure, privacy-preserving, and robust implementation of exposure notification. 

 

NIST’s cryptographic protocol distinguishes it from other exposure notification systems. The NIST approach does not record any information linked to individuals at any point throughout the entire process. It is impossible to rederive the identity of the devices, or of the device-owners, from the encounter IDs.

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NIST’s approach to exposure notification, where z is the cryptographically secure encounter ID recorded by each device.

A different approach to exposure

notification, not developed by NIST.

The protocol permits third party correlation

attacks that could derive the identities.

Application in the United States

States with an exposure notification app on the National Key Server:​​
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  • Alabama

  • Alaska

  • Arizona

  • California

  • Colorado

  • Connecticut

  • ​Delaware

  • District of Columbia

  • Hawaii

  • Louisiana

  • Maryland

  • Massachusetts

  • Michigan

  • Minnesota

  • Missouri

  • Nevada

  • New Jersey

  • New Mexico

  • New York

  • North Carolina

  • North Dakota

  • Pennsylvania

  • Utah

  • Virginia

  • Washington

  • Wisconsin

  • Wyoming

  • Oregon

Comparison between China's Health Code and US's Exposure Notifications

Chinese Health Code

US Exposure Notifications

Health Code requires a mobile phone to generate a QR code.

Health Code collects the confirmed infection information, identity, certificate number for real name authentication, user-fill-in health information and other physical sign information.

Health Code uses GPS technology and collects user's location.

Health Code is almost mandatorily required in China if you want to enter public places or transportations.

Health Code is super widely adopted in China and have large amount of users.

Health Code is more efficient and accurate in detecting potential infected people. 

Exposure Notifications have no "code".

 

Exposure Notifications collect only the "conversation" information of confirmed infected users' mobile phones in the whole process and do not collect user's identity information.​

Exposure Notifications use bluetooth and do not collect location information.

Users has discretion as to the use of Exposure Notifications.

The application of Exposure Notifications in the United States is relatively limited.

Exposure Notifications do not have much effect due to insufficient number of users.

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